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Pranatacara Paningset

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Wednesday, February 29, 2012



Assalamu ‘alaikum Wr. Wb.
Panjenenganipun para pepundhen, para pinisepuh, miwah sesepuh ingkang dhahat kinurmatan, para pangemban pangembating praja satriyaning negari minangka pandam pandoming para kawula dasih ingkang minulya, para sarjana, para sujana sujananing budi ingkang sampun wenang hanampi wahyuning kasutapan, ingkang satuhu bagya mulya, para alim, para ulama ingkang rinten dalu tansah sumandhing kitab suci wahyuning Ilahi minangka panuntun keblating panembah ingkang satuhu luhuring budi, para tamu kakung sumawana putri ingkang pantes nampi pakurmatan satuhu pantes lamunta sinudarsana. 
Sumangga kula tansah nderekaken memuji sukur dhumatheng Gusti Ingkang Maha Kuwaos ingkang sampun kepareng ngrentahaken kabagjan, kamulyan, wah maih kawilujengan saengga kula lan pan jenengan saged kempal manunggal wonten sasana sakawit kanthi boten kirang satunggaling menapa.
Para rawuh ingkang sinuba ing kawilujengan,
Panjenengan sampun lenggah sawetawis, keparenga kula minangka pranata adicara mbabar menggah gatining titi laksana. Dene runtut reroncening adicara ingkang sampun rinacik nun inggih:
7:51 AM
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Nyandra Bleger Pengantin Kakung

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Saturday, February 25, 2012


Dhasar pekik ing warna sinasaban busana adi. Mila tambah gawang-gawang cahyane, kentar katon bergas, tebah jaja atampel wentis. Cahya sumunar kadya hanambahi pekik myang sulistya ing kawibawanipun mancarang jumenengan enggal lamun cinandra pindha risang abagus Fatkhul Amin
6:48 AM
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Ki Enthus Susmono: Creator of contemporary wayang characters

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Friday, February 24, 2012

A dalang or puppet master should not only be versed in the world of wayang (shadow puppet) performances but also have a broad knowledge of current developments in society, not just history.
This is the view of Ki Enthus Susmono, an eccentric dalang from Tegal, Central Java, popularly known as “dalang edan” (crazy puppeteer) because of his departure from the conventional practice in this art.
Enthus Susmono, 46, has gained notoriety for his maverick style of puppetry and is surely familiar among lovers of wayang kulit (leather puppet) shows in Indonesia. His performances have always drawn hundreds of fans, an achievement of spectatorship comparable only to the previous records of his very few seniors.
“It’s all because I’ve explored with my creations and made innovations in puppetry; otherwise today’s youths would not be interested in wayang shows,” Enthus Susmono told The Jakarta Post in Purwokerto recently.
3:00 PM
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THE STORY OF ARJUNA WIWAHA, AN INDONESIAN EPIC

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Thursday, February 23, 2012

The Story of Arjuna Wiwaha was written by Empu Kanwa in the 11th century in the kingdom of Kediri, east Java, Indonesia. He wrote in old Javanese language which is very different from the present Javanese language. The author used the characters from the Indian epic Mahabarata but then he developed his own story. Arjuna is a character taken from the Indian story. He is the third son of Pandu, the king of Hastinapura. Here is the story of Arjuna Wiwaha in brief.
Once there was a king of evil from the kingdom of Iman Imantaka whose name is Niwata Kawaca. He was a powerful and cruel king who had conquered many kingdoms. The invincible king then had another ambition. He wanted to marry a beautiful angel from the heaven of god whose name is Dewi Supraba. He came to god Indra to propose for the beautiful angel. But the god refused. He thought that the king was not a good husband for the angel. The king was so angry that he decided to attack Kingdom of god Indra. The army of Niwata Kawaca proved to be very strong. The army of god was easily defeated. Luckily the god managed to close the gate. Then the god's palace was besieged by the army of Niwata Kawaca.
Then the god Indra decided to ask for help of human being. His choice fell into Arjuna, the third son of Pandu. At that time Arjuna was meditating in Mount Indrakila. He was meditating there to pray and to search for spiritual power that he needed to face the great war of Barata yudha (war of the Barata family). God Indra wanted to test his spiritual power to know whether he was fit for the battle with Niwata Kawaca. Indra sent seven beautiful angels to tease Arjuna. Two of the most beautiful ones were Supraba and Tilottama. They used their beauty to tease him but Arjuna was proved to be a true hero. He could resist their temptation. Indra was sure that Arjuna was the right person to overcome the problem.
7:15 AM
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ATUR PANGLAMAR

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Wednesday, February 22, 2012


Assalamualaikum Wr. Wb.
Salam kasugengan lan kaharjan mugia tansah kaparingaken dumatheng kula tuwin panjenengan sedaya.
Kabagyan, kamulyan, saha kawilujengan Allah ingkang Maha Welas lan Asih mugi tansah kajiwa kasalira dening para lenggah kakung sumawana putri ingkang hanggung amastuti dhumateng pepoyaning kautaman.
Dhumateng panjenenganipun Bapak Wijaya Utama sekalian saha panjenenganipun ingkang kepareng amakili, miwah para rawuh ingkang dhahat kinurmatan.
Inggih awit saking panguwaosipun Allah saha pikantuk pangestu panjenengan sami, sowan sakulawarga wonten ngarsanipun Bapak Wijaya Utama sekaliyan tansah winantu ing karaharjan, kalis nir sambikala.
Bapak Winarto ingkang dhahat kinurmatan.
7:01 PM
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Serat Centhini

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Tuesday, February 21, 2012

Serat Centhini is a Javanese Literature Book that was originally written in Javaness Language and writing in the form of song Macapat and were written in 1814 and completed in 1823. (Note: Macapat Song is some of Javanese song with a certain rhythm, a certain number of syllabes, the end of certain words in one stanza song, very popular in the Java community to reflect specific events using a song that fits with atmosphere like posed. Some of Macapat song name such as: Maskumambang, Mijil, Sinom, Kinanti, Asmaradana, Gambuh, Dandanggula, Durma, Pangkur, Pocung, Megatruh, Jurumedung, Wirangrong, Balabak and Girisa).

The original book entitled Serat Suluk Tambangraras written as the idea of KGPA Among Amengkunagoro III, son of Pakubuwono IV, king of Surakarta (1788 - 1820). Next, he replaced his father as a king called Pakubuwono V ( 1820 - 1823 ). While the writing and preparation carried out by:

1. Ki Ng. Ranggasutrasno, the royal poet.
2 R. Ng. Yasadipura II, the royal poet.
3. R. Ng. Sastradipura, royal scribe.
4. Prince Jungut Manduraja, royal officials of Klaten.
5. Kyai Kasan Besari, Great Scholars of Panaraga.
6. Kyai Mohammad, Surakarta Palace Supreme Ulema.

The Original book is still in Sanapustaka in Surakarta Palace. There are severals copies in Reksapustaka Mangkunegaran. Paheman Radya-Pustaka Sriwedari, Sana Budaya Museum in Yogyakarta and Gajah Museum in Jakarta and probably also in other places.
7:04 AM
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Folklore : Watu Gajah (Kudus)

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Monday, February 20, 2012


Ki Ageng Kedungsari yaiku wong kang paling dihurmati ing daerah Gebog. Daerah kuwi anane ing Kabupaten Kudus. Dheweke seneng banget amarga duwe anak lanang sing bagus lan gagah prakasa. Nalika anake wis gedhe, Ki Ageng Kedungsari duwe kepenginan ngawinake anake. Ananging anake ora gelem amarga durung ana bocah wadon kang trep ana ing atine. Banjur Ki Ageng Kedungsari njaluk tulung marang sedulure supaya nggolekake prawan sing pantes dadi bojone anake. Let pirang-pirang dina Ki Ageng Kedungsari entuk warta saka sedulure, yen ana prawan saka daerah Jepara sing ayu banget. Dheweke anake Ki Ageng Rajekwesi.
Banjur kulawargane Ki Ageng Kedungsari nyiapake ubarampe maneka warna kanggo digawa menyang Jepara. Ki Ageng Kedungsari atine sansaya bungah banget amarga rumangsa dheweke wong sing paling sugih lan dihurmati wong akeh.
Nalika wis tekan nggone Ki Ageng Rajekwesi, ning kana wis disiapake maneka warna panganan lan omben-omben. Uga ana gamelan lan bocah-bocah wadon kang lagi mbeksa. Sawise njagong ngalor ngidul, banjur utusane Ki Ageng Kedungsari kandha yen Ki Ageng Kedungsari arep nglamar anake wadon Ki Ageng Rajekwesi, kanggo anake lanang Ki Ageng Kedungsari.
8:20 AM
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Panyandra Tarub

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Sunday, February 19, 2012

Apa ta kang minangka pambukaing kandha. Purwakaning carita, hanenggah wiwaraning wacana kang sinebat tarub? Lamun kinerata basa, tinata lamun kawuryan, rinengga-rengga amrih edi lamun peni. Tembung tarub kapurwakan nalika ki Ageng Tarub mantu si Jaka Tarubsaking padhusunan tarub.
Ki Ageng Tarub Hanyaraya nyuwun pun age bebana dhumateng ingkang raka kanjeng sunan Kalijaga yasa eden-eden wong penting wiwaraning wisma.
Rinajang roning kalapa rinajut kang sinebat bleketepe dadya pratandha panuwun ing pangarsing Gusti muga karaning sambikala binawang hamung rahayu widodo kang tansah kinadya.
Janur kuning rinajut miwah tetuaning kang angrenggani ing tarub. Suket alang-alang, godhong kapa-kapa, godhong awar-awar, godhong maja, godhong kemuning, miwah sekaripun, godhong waringin miwah godhong kaluwih, ingkang satuhu ngemu pralampita sinandi.
Pisang sanggan sasuluhan rinengga tebu wulung kang kawuryan santosa kang winastan tebu Harjuna. Wohing pari datan keri, cengkir gadhing kusumanding. Suket alang-alang kinarya pralampita muga-muga anggone duwe gawe ora ana alangan apa-apa, Marma ugi godhong kapa-kapa.
9:38 AM
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Punakawan is a Family of Characters in Javanese Wayang

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Saturday, February 18, 2012

Punakawan is a family of characters in Javanese wayang, they are sometimes referred to as "clown-servants" because they normally are associated with the story's hero, and provide humorous and philosophical interludes.
Semar is the father of Gareng (oldest son), Petruk, and Bagong (youngest son).
These characters did not originate in the Hindu epics, but were added later, possibly to introduce mystical aspects of Islam into the Hindu-Javanese stories. They provide something akin to a political cabaret, dealing with gossip and contemporary affairs.
6:58 AM
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Versions and Episodes of the Panji Story

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Friday, February 17, 2012


There are differing versions and episodes of the overall Panji story. In one version, The main story of Panji tells of the romance between Prince Panji and Princess Kirana; and Panji's search for his long lost bride.

Smaradhana
The kakawin Smaradhana originally was the work of the poet Mpu Dharmaja in early 12th century. However, it was later incorporated as a prelude to the Panji tales. This story tells about the disappearance of Kamajaya and his wife, Kamaratih from svargaloka who were burnt by the fire of Shiva. The spirits of Kamajaya and Kamaratih fell upon the earth and were incarnated several times as mortal human beings. The main characters of Panji cyle are Prince Panji and Princess Kirana, the notable incarnations of Kamajaya and Kamaratih on earth. The following are several episodes of the compilation of Panji stories:

Chandra Kirana
The tale of Chandra Kirana (sometimes called the tales of Dewi Anggraeni) is a tragic love story, the prequel to the main Panji story. The story begins with the arranged marriage of Prince Panji Asmoro Bangun to Princess Chandra Kirana from the twin neighboring kingdoms of Kediri and Janggala. The dynastic marriage was meant as a means of a peace agreement to reunite the two warring factions of the once great kingdom under one dynasty again. During his youth, the prince of Jenggala loved to travel the country, visit ashrams and hermitages and learn from various wise Brahmins and rishis across the kingdom. During his stay in one of the remote hermitages, the prince fell in love with a beautiful commoner girl, Dewi Anggraeni. The prince married Anggraeni and took her home to the palace in the capital city of Jenggala. The marriage of a prince with the commoner girl caused an uproar in the royal courts of both Jenggala and Kediri. The angered Kediri envoys pushed the royalty of Jenggala to keep their promise of the arranged dynastic marriage, and they threatened to wage war if the marriage to Dewi Anggraeni was not anulled. However, the love-struck Prince did not want to fulfill his royal duty and refused to marry Kirana. To avoid war, the elders of royal house plotted the assassination of Dewi Anggraeni.
11:07 AM
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The Panji

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Thursday, February 16, 2012

Panji (formerly spelled Pandji) was a legendary prince in East Java, Indonesia. His life formed the basis of a cycle of Javanese stories, that, along with the Ramayana and Mahabharata, are the basis of various poems and a genre of wayang (shadow puppetry) known in East Java as wayang gedog ("gedog" means "mask"). Panji tales have spread from East Java to be a fertile source for literature and drama throughout Malaya, a region that includes modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Cambodia.
Panji and the other characters in the Panji cycle appear with various names in different versions of the tale, including Raden Panji, Raden Inu, Inu (of) Koripan, Ino (or Hino) Kartapati, Cekel Wanengpati, and Kuda Wanengpati of Janggala. Panji is also found as the name of a prince of the monarchy in Tabanan, ruled by Shri Arya Kenceng in 1414 (Babad Arya Tabanan.) In Thailand, he is called Enau (Thai: อิเหนา) or Enau (of) Kurepan, or Raden Montree.
9:45 AM
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Campursari

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Wednesday, February 15, 2012

Did you know about campursari? What is campursari? Okey, let me explain you about campursari. Campursari is one of the music in Indonesia.Campursari is formed by combination of the modern music instruments and the traditional music instruments.

Campursari was popularized first time by Manthous about in 1980. He was combined between keyboard and the gamelan music in his music group called Maju Lancar.

The Figure of Campursari


A. Didi Kempot
Didi Prasetyo, more famous with his nickname Didi Kempot is the figure of campursari after Manthous. He was born in Solo, Center Java, 31 December 1966. He finished his school in senior high school. And then, he was be a road singers. In this situation, he made songs likely Stasion Balapan, Tanjung Mas Ninggal Janji, Cidra, Terminal Tirtonadi etc. Didi Kempot is not only famous in Indonesia, people in some country like Netherland and Suriname like his songs. He is a good figure of campursari I think.
7:15 AM
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Macapat Songs

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Tuesday, February 14, 2012

Macapat is a Javanese traditional song or poem. Each stanza macapat have called gatra lines, and each has a number of syllables gatra (wilangan teacher), and the poem ends on the sound end of the so-called gurus song. macapat with other names can also be found in the culture of Bali , Sasak, Madura, and Sunda. Also macapat also been discovered in Palembang and Banjarmasin. Usually macapat interpreted as maca-papat papat (read four-four), which means I read a woven every four syllables. But this is not the The only sense, there are other interpretations. macapat expected appear at the end of Majapahit and the beginning of Walisanga influence, but this can only be said for the situation in Central Java. Because in East Java and Bali macapat have been known prior to the arrival of Islam.
The works of classical Javanese literature of the New Mataram, in general, written using metrum macapat. An article in the form of prose or prose is generally not regarded as literary works but just sort of ‘list contents’ only. Some examples of literary works written in Java, including Fibre Wedhatama macapat song, Fibre Wulangreh, and Fiber Kalatidha.
Javanese traditional poem or song is usually divided into three categories: little song, sung poetry and song mid Gedhe.] macapat classified to the category and also the little song mid song, while songs Gedhe based kakawin or Old Javanese traditional poetry, but in its use in New Mataram period, do not apply the difference between long-or short syllable. On the other hand mid song could also refer to the ballad, traditional poetry in Middle Javanese.
9:53 AM
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Javanese alphabet

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Saturday, February 11, 2012

The earliest known writing in Javanese dates from the 4th Century AD, at which time Javanese was written with the Pallava alphabet. By the 10th Century, the Kawi alphabet, which developed from Pallava, had a distinct Javanese form.
By the 17th Century, the Javanese alphabet, also known as tjarakan or carakan, had developed into its current form. During the Japanese occupation of Indonesia between 1942 and 1945, the alphabet was prohibited.
For a period from the 15th Century onwards, Javanese was also written with a version of the Arabic alphabet, called pégon or gundil.
Since the Dutch introduced the Latin alphabet to Indonesia in the 19th Century, the Javanese alphabet has gradually been supplanted. Today it is used almost exclusively by scholars and for decoration. Those who can read and write it are held in high esteem.

Notable features

  • Javanese is a syllabic alphabet - each letter has an inherent vowel /a/. Other vowels can be indicated using a variety of diacritics which appear above, below, in front of or after the main letter.
  • Each consonants has two forms: the aksara form is used at the beginning of a syllable, while the pasangan form, which usually appears below the aksara form, is used for the second consonant of a consonant cluster and mutes the vowel of the aksara.
  • There are a number of special letters called aksara murda or aksara gedhe (great or important letters) which are used for honorific purposes, such as to write the names of respected people.
  • The order of the consonants makes the following saying, "Hana caraka, data sawala padha jayanya, maga bathanga" which means "There were (two) emissaries, they began to fight, their valor was equal, they both fell dead"

Used to write:

Javanese (basa Jawa), an austronesian language spoken by about 80 million people in Indonesia and Suriname. In Indonesia Javanese is spoken in Java, particularly in central and east Java, and on the north coast of West Java, and in Madura, Bali, Lombok and in the Sunda region of West Java.
4:07 PM
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Serat wirid Hidayat Jati, one of the ancient Javanese testament books

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Friday, February 10, 2012

Serat wirid Hidayat Jati, is one of the ancient Javanese testament book written by Raden Ngabehi Ranggawarsita a nobleman from the Kingdom of Surakarta, Java, Indonesia antiquity. This book is printed by N.V. Mij. t / vd / z ALBERT RUSCHE & CO.., Surakarta in 1908. This book contains about human origins and man's relationship with God. The core of this book is a combination of Javanese culture and Islamic guidance.

This book contains among others:

Wejangan ke-1 Ananing Dzat
Sajatine ora ana apa-apa awit duk maksih awang-uwung durung ana sawiji-wiji, kang ana dhingin Ingsun, sajatine kang maha suci anglimputi ing sipat Ingsun, anartaning asman Ingsun, amratandhani ing apngalIngsun.

Description:
Surely God existed before the created universe and its contents.

Wejangan ke-2 Wahananing Dzat
Sajatine Ingsun dat kang amurba amisesa kang kawasa anitahake sawiji-wiji, dadi sanalika, sampurna saka kodrat Ingsun, ing kono wus kanyatan pratandhaning apngal Ingsun kang minangka bebukaning iradat Ingsun, kang dhingin Ingsun anitahake kayu aran sajaratulyakin tumuwuh ing sajroning alam ngadam makdum ajali abadi. Nuli cahya aran nur muhammad, nuli kaca aran mirhatulkayai, nuli nyawa aran roh ilapi, nuli damar aran kandil, nuli sesotya aran darah, nuli dhindhing jalal aran kijab. Iku kang minangka warananing kalarat Ingsun.

Description:
Truly universe and its contents were created by God. If God wants then everything can happen. God created the earth, fire, water, sky, trees and others. And God also created human beings who animate.
11:36 AM
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Abdi Dalem

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Thursday, February 9, 2012

Abdi dalem are people who voluntarily subjugate their services to the Kraton (palace) and Sultan and his extended family. They prepare almost all of Sultan’s daily necessities and perform Javanese traditional ceremonies, inside and outside Kraton. Abdi dalems are organized based on functional services, where they inherited such title of service prior to Sultan’s official entitling.
Abdi Dalem aren’t just employees at Keraton Palace, they’ve become part of  Keraton Itself. Without them, the palace activity will not run. Similarly the kingdom without a sultan who ruled a Kasultanan the life of a kingdom will not run. However,  a king has a duty to complete the problems that occurred in the life of the palace servant in the palace environment. Therefore, this research seeks to learn about life in the palace servant Kasultanan Yogyakarta and what the problems faced along with the development of the era of globalization and modernization.
11:39 PM
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Gamelan is a Javanese Traditional Music

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on

Gamelan  is Javanese musical ensemble that usually highlight metallophone, xylophone, drums, and gongs. Music that is created in the Javanese gamelan gong sound comes from the alloy, kenong and other Javanese musical instruments. Rhythm of the music is generally soft and reflects the harmony of life, as life principle generally adopted by the Java community.

1.  Kendang
Kendangkendhang, atau gendang is the Central Javanese gamelan instruments in which one of its main functions to set the rhythm. This instrument was rung by hand, without tools bantu.Jenis a small drum called ketipung, the medium is called drum ciblon / Kebar. Couple ketipung there is one more named drum gedhe called drum kalih. Kalih played drums on the song or the character gendhing smooth like Ketawang, gendhing kethuk kalih, and ladrang rhythm dadi. Can also be played quickly on the opening song type launch, ladrang rhythm responsibility. For there is one more puppet kendhang typical of kendhang doormat.
Mostly drums played by professional gamelan players, who have long dive into Javanese culture. Most played drums in accordance pengendang instincts, so when played by one person premises other people then will be different shades.
2.  Demung
Demung is one of the gamelan instruments including balungan family.
8:15 AM
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Keraton Yogyakarta

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on

Keraton Yogyakarta [Yogyakarta Palace] or Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat is currently the palace of Sri Sultan Hamengku Buwono X. He is the sultan of Yogyakarta and also the governor of Yogyakarta province.

The palace was built by Sultan Hamengku Buwono I in 1755. It consists of seven complex. Since my time was limited, I only visited one complex, at the north side next to the north square.
8:09 AM
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The History of Wayang

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on Wednesday, February 8, 2012

Wayang is a generic term denoting traditional theatre in Indonesia. There is no evidence that wayang existed before Hinduism came to Southeast Asia sometime in the first century CE brought in by Indian traders. However, there very well may have been indigenous storytelling traditions that had a profound impact on the development of the traditional puppet theatre. The first record of a wayang performance is from an inscription dated 930 CE which says “si Galigi mawayang,” or “Sir Galigi played wayang”. From that time till today it seems certain features of traditional puppet theatre have remained. Galigi was an itinerant performer who was requested to perform for a special royal occasion. At that event he performed a story about the hero Bhima from the Mahabharata
Wayang Kulit is a unique form of theatre employing light and shadow. The puppets are crafted from buffalo hide and mounted on bamboo sticks. When held up behind a piece of white cloth, with an electric bulb or an oil lamp as the light source, shadows are cast on the screen.
Wayang Kulit plays are invariably based on romantic tales, especially adaptations of the classic Indian epics, “The Mahabarata” and “The Ramayana”. Some of the plays are also based on local happenings (current issues) or other local secular stories. It is up to the conductor or “Tok Dalang” to decide his direction.
9:17 PM
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THE JAVANESE

Posted by . . .Kuliah Bahasa Jawa. . . on

The area of Java is very vast covering central and east Java island. In ancient time Mataram kingdom which are now the the special district of Yogyakarta and Solo in Central Java were the center of their culture. In 1755 the kingdom was splited into 2, one is the Sultanate of Yogyakarta, and one other is Kasunanan of Surakarta ( both are Islamic kingdoms ). Javanese speak complex dialect which introduces social status. In general the dialect is divided into two levels that are "Ngoko" dialect which is spoken among known partners, and "Krama" dialect which is spoken among those who are not known each other and for those whose social status is considered higher. Both Ngoko and Krama have more further variations, when it was spoken for palace member, higher status level, or more senior people, or for lower level, etc.

Java land is the most densely populated in Indonesia. Many big cities are still developing such as Yogyakarta, Semarang, Solo, Surabaya, Blitar, and Malang. While dozens of medium to small cities still heavy with population. So the welfare of the people is still a tremendous big works. Still a large part of the population working on the land cultivating rice, cassava ( marlihot utilissima Phl), corn (zea mays L), yam (ipomea batatas poir ), Kacang ( vigna sinencis), gude (cjamis cajan), soya ( glycine soya Bth ), bean (arachis hypogen L), etc.
8:08 AM